常綠小喬木,植株可高達7公尺。樹皮灰褐色,小枝條、葉片、花序有銀白色的絨毛;葉叢生或輪生於枝端,全緣,倒卵形,肉質性,兩面密被絨毛,長約8~18公分,寬約3~7公分,葉柄厚實且短,長約0.5~2公分。落葉後,小枝上具有顯著的「葉痕」。花為頂生蠍尾狀聚繖花序,斜展12~25公分;花冠白色或略帶淺粉紅,排成兩列,徑約0.5公分,5裂;花期4~6月。果實呈球形,徑約0.5~0.9公分,具軟木質,能藉海水傳播之海漂種。
白水木全身披有白柔毛,加上原生長的地方絕大多數是看得到海水的地方,所以有「白水木」之稱。多長在岸邊隆起珊瑚礁區或海岸地帶,於衝風地區者樹幹彎曲多枝,成灌木叢狀;於避風地帶則樹形高大。本種雖適應性強,生長力好,但極容易因感染菌蕈類病菌而枯死。分布於馬達加斯加―印度洋至熱帶亞洲、大洋洲諸島,以及熱帶澳洲海岸地區。臺灣產於恆春半島、蘭嶼、綠島、小琉球,以及東海岸局部地區。另北海岸離島區域亦有。
在臺灣地區為常見的庭園、景觀、行道樹,以及防風林用植物。大洋洲地區多作為岸際乘涼樹種。於綠島稱為「烏水草」或「鹹水草」。島上漁業多承襲日據時期之技術,因此於日本硫球群島地區,用白水木木材雕製之潛水鏡鏡框,於早期之綠島也可看到。在恆春半島則稱為「烏皮石柃」。臺灣地區有作為藥用,如:根及莖有清熱、利尿、解毒、治風濕骨痛;葉有解毒、消腫、治解魚類、貝類中毒。
以在臺灣足以與美洲大樺斑蝶遷徙相提並論的紫班蝶類遷徙來說,各種班蝶類之雄蝶,尾端黃色毛筆器(Hair pencils)所散發之特殊氣味,用以擄獲雌蝶芳心的「斑蝶素」(Danaidone),其合成的重要前驅物質,以含嘧啶型植物鹼PAs(pyrrolizidine alkaloids)為主。白水木及及菊科(Asteraceae)澤蘭屬(Eupatorium Spp.)均富含此物質,因此常在遷徙前,可見群集班蝶類之雄蝶訪花或吸食樹枝之樹液(尤其於樹木濱死前),此種現象稱為「嗜植物鹼性」(Pharmacophagy)。
Heliotrope tree is an evergreen tree that can grow up to seven meters in height. Its tree bark is grayish brown, and its branches, leaves and flowers are all pubescent with silver furs. Its leaves are thick and short. Its flowers are inflorescence, 12–25cm in length, pinkish white and blossom during April to June. Its round drift seeds are typically 0.5–0.9 in diameters.
This tree is distributed across Tropical parts of Africa, such as Madagascar, and all the way to Australia. It is generally used as an ornamental tree for parks and sidewalks. Fishermen from the Ryukyu Islands and Taiwan have also been using its wood to craft diving goggles. Its roots and leaves can also be used in herbal medicine to treat muscle pain and infections.