水黃皮

英名:
Pongam Tree
學名:
Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre ex Merr.
別名:
水流豆、野豆、九重吹
科別:
豆科 (Fabaceae)
屬別:
水黃皮屬 (Pongamia)

半落葉性喬木,幹直立,樹冠傘形;一回奇數羽狀複葉,互生,小葉5~7枚,長約5~8公分,對生,革質有柄,長橢圓形或卵形,兩面平滑。總狀花序腋生,花朵密集,花冠蝶形,徑約2公分,花瓣基部癒合,單體雄蕊,瓣淡紫色。果序長10~20公分間,莢果扁平具尾尖,寬約2.5~3公分,長約6公分,木質化,成熟時呈核色,不開裂,內有黑色種子1~2顆,呈扁球形。盛花期以秋季(7~9月)為主,另春季(4~5月)亦可見開花。

分布於印度―馬來亞、南中國、日本琉球、北澳洲、臺灣及太平洋三大島群等熱帶濱海地區。在臺灣則見於全島沿海濱溪地區,以及蘭嶼、綠島海岸地區。水黃皮具纖維質的果實不但耐水、可漂浮,其耐鹽性也很好。豆莢可漂浮水上,隨水流傳播,屬於海漂植物之一,亦是臺灣海岸林植物的組成種,其「水流豆」、「野豆」別名即因此而來。

本種在植物分類上有放在水黃皮屬(Genus Pongamia)之下,但亦可見移到老荊藤屬(Genus Millettia)者;此即是分類學上之同物異名(synonyms)。

本種性喜濕潤和陽光充足或半遮蔭環境,其耐鹽性、抗強風、耐旱性、耐寒性等均優良,在臺灣很早即被引用栽培作為園景樹、行道樹或防風林之用。種子性寒有毒,搗碎可外敷治疥瘡、疔瘡等,種子油可作治療皮膚病外用藥;微量可用為催吐劑,種子和根部毒性較強,誤食會造成頭暈嘔吐。另本種種子是生質柴油潛在樹種之一,油含量約為重量的25%,在印度為生物柴油的原料來源之一,於該國本種稱為「Karanja」。


Pongam tree is a semi-deciduous tree, native in Indonesia, southern China, Taiwan, and north Australia. It grows to about 15–25 m and has a large canopy. Its leaves are imparipinnate, rounded at the base, ovate along the length, glossy, and 5–8 cm in length. Its white and light purple flowers grow in clusters and typically blossom during July to September, or April to May. Its brown seed pods grow right after the blossom season. They are hard, smooth and look rather flatted on the exterior.

This tree is highly resistant to intense heat, as its dense shade slows the water evaporation of its surrounding soil. The tree is mostly planted for its windbreak and shade purposes. Its bark can be used to make ropes. Furthermore, its seeds can be used as traditional herbal medicine.

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